1. The comparative study of science
2. Arabic science and the Islamic world
3. Reason and rationality in Islam and the West
4. The European legal revolution
5. Madrasas, universities, and sciences
6. Cultural climates and the ethos of science
7. Science and civilization in China
8. Science and social organization in China
9. The rise of early modern science
Epilogue: Educational reform and attitudes towards science since the eighteenth century.