Biomedicine and alternative healing systems in America: issues of class, race, ethnicity, and gender

Nineteenth-century American medicine as a pluralistic system

The rise of the American dominative medical system under corporate capitalism

Osteopathic medicine as a parallel medical system

Chiropractic as the foremost professionalized heterodox medical system

Naturopathy and acupuncture as secondary professionalized heterdox medical systems

Partially professionalized and lay heterodox medical systems within the context of the holistic health movement

Anglo-American religious and metaphysical healing systems

Folk medical systems in a culturally diverse society

Conclusion.